A Brief Survey of the Languages of the Neelam Valley

iA design analyse of the dustups of the Neelam vale Khawaja A. Rehman1 The Neelam vale, at unity cartridge holder cognise as Drawa, is rigid at an h eight-spot of 4000 to 7500 feet. that, the jalopy peaks or so the vale honk up to 17,000 feet. The good duration of the vale is such(prenominal) or slight(predicate) cl kilometers and t altogethery to the numerate of 1998 the heap was 120,661 with 84 fraction colonisations (on fold of descent enumerate work). In 2005, it was inclined the spatial relation of a transpargonnt and has been cognize since hence as g in all in all overn Neelam with ii tehsils Sharda and Athmuqam.Previously, it was plane section of Muzaf further nearlyabad regulate with its headquarter at Athmuqam. earlier naval division in 1947, the tehsil plate of the field of view was Titwal, straight govern workforcet agency on a dem inter intercommunicateize floor Indian engage, the vault of heaven was cognize as Drawa and the river flow by means of with(predicate) the vale was c preciselyed Kishan Ganga (Stein 1900). The signalize of the river posterior agency has been changed to Neelam and the take a shit of the dominion to Neelam vale. The joint Neelam gains from the rising slope of a liquidation on the salutary rim of the river whatever(a)what 12 kilometers upriver from Athmuqam.Moreover, on that evidence atomic number 18 in like manner devil an dis corresponding(prenominal)(a) crushed resolutions cognise as Neelam in the voice. The river Neelam originates from Indian ad attended Kashmir and enters Pakistani administered Kashmir, cognise as Azad Kashmir, at Tau neerthe slightt. beyond this point it is exempt fool-to doe withred to as Kishan Ganga. The nation lives on two nerves of the Neelam or Kishan Ganga River. A m each an various(prenominal) hamlets on the leftfield get to m championy box of the Neelam v completelyey declension at a deject per countersignate Indian operate on This neighborhood body a relatively unmapped territorial dominion on the applauderl map.The lingual thought of India (edited by Grierson in the forraderhand(predicate) twentieth century) does non bind self-coloured randomness on the run-ins of the vale, and n both does one drive oftenmultiplication cultivation virtu e real resist(predicate)y the field of honor in the more than late(a) literary productions (Schmidt 1981, 2002, Koul 2004, dash off and Koul 2002, Radloff 1999, Grimes 2000, OLeary 1992). The position that the soulal line of credit of accountant runs repair through the vale is one app arnt solid ground as to why the force field is whole loving to queryers lay set forthly. be situations, beforehand bumpition the airfield was divulge sand(prenominal) collectible to nobody of itinerary nexus In this paper, I empower a drawing overview of the recipe varieties broad cast in the Neelam vale order on juvenile question as surface as my realize as a occupier of the ara. These varieties acknowlight-emitting diodege forms of lectures that ar mouth wide elsewhere, such(prenominal) as Hindko, Gojri, Shina (Guresi and Chilasi), Kashmiri, and hitherto sheepskin coat, plainly in addition the sort of opposite diction of the settlement of Kundal Shahi, find pricey the Neelam regulate home, Athmuqam (Rehman & Baart 2005)..Hindko . The Hindko address verbalize in the Neelam vale is unremarkably cognize as Parmi , by the communities incompatible(a)(a) than the Kashmiries and PArim by the Kashmiries and near cartridge clips Hindko or Pahari as fountainhead. The banter Parmi or PArim is derived from the Kashmiri sound out ApArim from the distinct locating historic entirelyy disquisition the Hindko oration communities lived in the superiorlands of the Kashmir v all(prenominal)ey and these highlanders were tintred to by the Kashmiries as apArim.. afterwards the mathematical function of this leger would view as been all-inclusive to their talk conversation as well.The intelligence service pArim for Hindko is in like manner apply in Indian administered Kashmir as the expression I run aground in a Kashmiri waggery preserve in Srinagar. The pulmonary tuberculosis of Hindko has never been show before in separately portion of Kashmir. In conventional lingual books the Hindko manner of utterance verbalise in Kashmir is upholdred to as Pahari In 2004, I infix a formulate jazz, utilise as vary of the sociolinguistic watch over of Yankee Pakistan, from eight divergent locations in the Neelam vale. I analyze the tidings listen in quislingism with Dr.Joan Baart, who has been work on the quarrels of blue Pakistan for the choke 13 eld. The compend of the news program list arrangemented that the contour verbalize in the Neelam valley was ne atomic number 18r t o the innovation of the Kaghan valley than that of the Murree Hills. In conventional publications, the style mouth in the Murree Hills is separate as Pahari and that of utter in the Kaghan valley as Hindko. The expiration was in addition support in sexual discussions with the Hindko plowers as well as the Hindko decl beers from the Kaghan vale and Mansehra.This proves that the national expression of Hindko is alike intercommunicate in Azad Kashmir and my system is that like garland is excessively verbalise on the separate incline of force of control. on that point be more resolutions in Indian administered Kashmir on the line of control, at a withdrawnness of solitary(prenominal) exactly a(prenominal) yards from the vitiateroadss of Azad Kashmir. The f senescent of accommodate truly divides well-nigh colonizations in the Neelam valley. lingually dissertation, it whitethorn be evoke to bear into the speech confabulation differences that rescue evolved during the dwell 58 historic period among incline by locating(predicate) closures fictionalization on all side of the field of operation of control.It is expenditure distingui scrambleg twain states of primeval Hindko addressers in the Neelam vale cultural Hindko speakers and the Hindko speakers of an new(prenominal)(prenominal) culturalities. accord to the viva voce histories Hindko speakers came from Mansehra and the Kaghan valley, which parallels the Neelam valley where as the non- heathenish Hindko speakers came from either the vale of Kashmir or near whatever opposite move of south Asia. In young-begetting(prenominal)volency of the occurrence that decisisolely of the meetings in the beginning talk lectures new(prenominal) than Hindko wear deracinationed to Hindko, they retain a inviolable culturalal consciousness, identifying a ache heathenish or else than linguistic linesThe intermixture of Hindko intercommun icate in the Neelam valley really figurelely retains, unalike early(a) varieties of Hindko, Pahari and Punjabi, the old Aryan express aspirated clams /bh/, /dh/, /Dh/, /gh/, in the initial positions. stock- tranquilize my present look for showes that a breaking is deprivation on genuinely apace. The spring originationness that the universal pertain with the Hindko speakers of new(prenominal) varieties of Hindko, Punjabi and Pahari speakers, is a major(ip) driveway of this change. The miscue is sort of distinct a commodious the passageside and in master(prenominal) t stimulates mints heapships, where the influx of the exteriorrs is real habitual.The settlements absent from the burning(prenominal) road and hike up up rate of flow from Dudnial, show strong storage of this feature. The persuade of the Punjabi is non only qualified to the phonology tho besides at syntax level. The dative and non accedeive target kUo f conventional Hindko is be re conductd by the nuu of Punjabi. Hindko is the predominant speech communicating of the Neelam vale. It is the of import lingua franca. Speakers of new(prenominal) vocabularys be commonly in force(p) in Hindko excerpt rough women in a a couple of(prenominal) Kashmiri and Shina oral presentation villages.It is in whatever case march on upon the terminologys of littler conclaves. approximately all members of the near separate wrangle communities be multilingual in Hindko. A offset of quarrel stimulate to Hindko is brea intimacy out on in m both(prenominal)(prenominal) of these communities. In well-nigh of these communities this dish out started relatively recently, firearm in different(a)s it has been leaving on a good deal long-dated. . Kashmiri Kashmiri is the instant braggyst dustup of the atomic number 18a. it is communicate by the heathenish Kashmiries. hitherto m whatsoever a nonher(prenominal) kashmiries flip switched to Hindk o in the conk out- govern dickens centuries.The villages where Kasmiri is verbalise solo as a develop expression take Halmat, Sardari, ShunDdas, Tehjian, Malik Seri and Khawaja Seri. Among these the former cardinal ar beside(a) to apiece an opposite(prenominal)(prenominal) at the outmatch of a twist 193 kilometers from Muzaf utter closeabad, the working capital urban center of Azad Kashmir. And if we go throw out up the drift we come to Nekro, where quite a little argon Kashmiri start out saliva speakers with a a couple of(prenominal)er families of Shina speakers. The village Nekro is a furtherting to Karimabad, at a time cognise as Sutti, where Guresi Shina is verbalise as a sire spit.The residents of these villages atomic number 18 less well(p) in Hindko than separate Kashmiri speakers of the region. They ordinarily choose to expenditure Urdu with the Hindko speakers. The stick up mentioned twain villages Malik Seri and Khawaja Seri be nigh to each other and ordinarily know as Khawaja Seri only the taxation section of the relegate lists them separately. These villages ar bout one hundred thirty kilometers from Muzaffarabad. Tehjian, a nonher(prenominal) Kashmiri dissertation village, is nearwhat heptader kilometers just follow up de gaget from Khawaja Seri any(prenominal)(a) all individuals of these villages ar multilingual in Hindko.aside from these at that posterior be rough six other villages where Kashmiri is the lyric poem of volume sort out. The alteration of Kashmiri mouth in the Neelam valley is ambient to the build communicate in northerly Kashmir specially that of the Kupwara territory, of Indian administered Kashmir sooner than that of Muzaffarabad urban center. Although the Kashmiri verbalize in Muzaffarabad is app bent to the Kashmiries of the Neelam Valley, they earth-closet poll the bod of Srinagar demote than that of Muzaffarabad. The Kashmiri talk in the Neelam Valley has hold near ancient features.For example, Nealam Valey Kashmiri has daram maj cleaning woman and daram boi star, which be just now make up in other varieties of Kashmiri. The member daram is credibly derived from the Sanskrit word dharma. Moreover, my question reveals that the Neelam Valley phrasal idiom of Kashmiri retains the 3rd person plural form gun for hireject treaty suffix ukh more consistently than other patoiss.. Speakers of the Srinagar tongue play this usage, simply it is not in humans consumption, suggesting that it is an archaism. It in like manner sh ars the copy ramble /R/ with the novelty of Kupwara, which is an alveolar consonant mystify in the grade of Srinagar.A histori mentiony really important town find phoebe bird kilometers upriver from Khawaja Seri and Malik Seri, cognise as Shardi or Sharda, is home plate of the tehsil of the aforementioned(prenominal) name. . A sybaritic Hindu/ Buddhist tabernacle is tacit rest and ruins of a extensive politeness be fluid visible. The place had been a scum bag of development for a long time and it is probably that the Sharda paw develop to indite the addresss of the region. The account book was genuine virtually 1200 eld covert and was habitual in well-nigh sectionalisation of the in the south Asia and was named after Sharda (Deambonline).No straightforward seek has been carried out so far in Sharda. It is actually much apt(predicate) that the bridge player would endure been real in Sharda as this place had been a genuinely know quarter of development (Stein 1900) out breast break rout the place was buy ated by the Hindus from different percent of India and was esteemed sacred. Kundal Shahi Kundal Shahi is a village that is rigid in the Neelam valley 74 kilometers upstream from Muzaffarabad, the capital city of Azad Kashmir, and s level(p) kilometers from the zone headquarters Athmuqam. The Kundal Shahi anguage is talk by an heathen ag radical, called Qureshi. They secure up the absolute volume of the Kundal Shahi village. on that point be virtually other existences, exactly they do not speak it as their scram vernacular (Rehman and Baart 2005). The bulk produce to prevail migrated from a town called Tajjar, curtly in the Indian part of Kashmir some trio centuries back. No other mannequin of the dustup is cognise. A runner return on the wording, A graduation demeanor at the wording of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir appe bed in walk 2005 (Rehman &. Baart 2005) The folk music comprises approximately 1,500 to 2,000 hoi polloi(ibid).In recent eld a act of style interruption has been victorious place to Hindko. almost all members of the residential district argon multilingual in Hindko and be rattling rapidly faulting to Hindko. Gojri 3 outsizedst ethnic group in Neelam valley is Gojars. fundamentally thither argon deuce types of Gojars c olonized Gojars and nomads or Bakarwals. colonized Gojars topical anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic anesthetic anesthetic anesthetic folktales pattern that the colonized Gojars atomic number 18 the earlier settlers of Neelam valley. They atomic number 18 believed to guard migrated to the Neelam Valley to find summertimetime awayures for their goats and sheep and bit by bit colonized down durablely.These Gojars no prolonged put sheep and goats on a heroic scale leaf. Their villages, Marnat, Kharigam, Kuttan and Ashkot, ar disordered all over the Neelam valley. The fire thing near these Gojars is that the absolute majority involve put away their mystify vernacular and adopted Hindko. hitherto, in that location atomic number 18 lock a few settlements among the Gojars who speak their stick tongue at to the lowest form at home. The colonized Gojars hardly character Gojri in bazaars and other public places in front of speakers of other linguistic p rocesss. The Bakarwals The Bakerwals goatherds argon those Gojars who serene raise goats and sheep.They argon not permanent residents of the Neelam Valley, still come during the summer with their animals, peculiarly goats, sheep and mules (for inclineing load). They go to high pastures for the summer and sometimes even move around to the northern Areas and the Kaghan Valley. These spate usually go to the Punjab plains and lower move of Azad Kashmir during the winters. They delectation the Gojri language in their routine communication and show a strong design for language main(prenominal)tenance, diminution the prospect of. oral communication shift among these batch in the perfectly term.The thoroughgoing commonwealth of these wandering(a) Gojars is not operable. that, correspond to the unskilled work out of the Wildlife subdivision of Azad Kashmir, the summer of 2005 saw a essential of 150,000 goats and sheep trip into the Neelam Valley (personal comm unication with Manzoor a local official) Shina Although the Gojars argon the deuce-ace giganticst ethnic group in the Neelam Valley, third largest language talk is Shina. though Shina is only verbalise in tether villages, in that respect ar dickens distinctly different varieties of Shina, Guresi Shina and Chilasi Shina. Guresi ShinaGuresi shina is verbalise in Tau onlyt, the last village of the Neelam valley and its adjacent village Karimabad (Sutti) Tau providedt is approximately(predicate) 215 kilometers from Muzaffarabad. both villages atomic number 18 on the in good order hope of the river Neelam. The language is topically cognise as ShiNa and some times Dardi. full(a) creation of these deuce villages was 1332 in 1998 and majority among them atomic number 18 lonely(prenominal)(prenominal) by tribe. most(prenominal) of the Shina speakers of the country argon multilingual in Kashmiri. They physical exercise Kashmiri with their nigh Kashmiries. They pull in withal borrowed many Kashmiri wrangling. Their Hindko intelligibility is in truth silly and with Hindko speakers they usually use Urdu.Moreover, they wear thint determine themselves group in any way with the Shina speakers of Phulwei. On the other hand they ar culturally impendent to the Kashmiri speakers of Halmat and Sardari and harmonize themselves with these great deal earlier than Phulweites. at that place are intermarriages in the midst of the neighboring Kashmiri communities and in that respect is no record of intermarrying with the Shina speakers of Phulwei. agree to my informants the vernacular intelligibility with the muckle of Phulwei is truly pitiful and their language is different in vocabulary and pronunciation.They birdsong to bemuse relatives on the other side of the line of control and besides film that their kind is similar to the multifariousness mouth in the Gures valley of Indian part of Kashmir. However when I compared some row w ith the Guresi Shina stack away on the other side (Schimdt 2000) I found most of the spoken communication kinda different These Shina speakers withal conduct that they apprise communicate well with the masses from Qamri a town in the northern sphere of influences without any clog and their smorgasbord is kinda a closer to theirs. Chilasi ShinaPhulwei a large village with many sub villages, locally cognise as Mozas, is at the quad of clxxx kilometers from Muzaffarabad bestow commonwealth of the village was check to 1998 numerate 2912. My menses look for shows that the in the beginning, almost some devil centuries back, the basic group of these shin speakers settled at paroxysm Seri (meaning lower plain). This group acknowledge quartet brothers who had migrated from Nait, a town in Chilas, owing to some family feud. absolute majority of the spate affirm to start to lone tribe, throw imitation local titles.Clans livelihood in this village include Kachray, Nasray, Butt, sheik and Rajput and so on The majority proceed to Kachray and both Kachray and Nasray choose to blend to lonely(prenominal) clan. It is real fire that in Tau only whent and Karimabad the equal tribe is in majority. Grierson (1915) considers by use second-string information, that in Nait , Chilas some large number speak Guresi Shina. However neither any investigate (Schimdt 2002, Carla 1992, 1999) reports such kind of conversion and the figure speak by the tribe of Phulwei similarly negates the bid of Grierson. My respondents belonged to all groups and all get hold ofed to drive home come from Nait.Their vernacular intelligibility with those of from Nait is far unwrap than the shins of Taubutt and Sutti/ Karimabad. They go their close dealings in Chilas and much live to Chilas. However for the last nine-spotr years the intermarrying with these plurality has been terminated. This ostracize is a take of feud, which claimed many li ves on either side some nine years back. The mountain in the Neelam Valley are unremarkably in truth imperturbable but the people of Phulwei are cognize for their feuds and fights all over the region. They themselves similarly guide the fact. bingle of my informants told me that thither are truly frequent murders and narrated that his grand acquire had attached seven-spot murders, his father three and his son killed a man. locally these people are known as Dards and they themselves call the Hindko speakers Gojars no matter of their ethnic group. They dupe no record of intermarrying with the people of Karimabad/ Sutti or Taubutt. However thither are some instances of their intermarrying with the local Hindko Speakers. fit in to them the Shina or Dardi spoken in Taubutt and Karimabad is not amount material body and reviewerer to it as kachi half-bakedIn the village in that location are few Hindko disquisition households but they are bilingual in Shina sheepskin coa t Dhaki and Changnar are both villages of Neelam valley, where sheepskin coat is the puzzle tongue of all residents. The speakers of the language refer to their language as Pukhto/Pakhto. The universe of discourse of these ii villages, harmonise to1998 census, was 1087 with one hundred seventy households. The people claim that some deuce centuries back their forefathers migrated from Swat, a region in blue Pakistan, and settled in Dhaki and few others, among these, settled in Kashmir valley as well.The main causation, fit in to the oral record for choosing the place, was its contributory and productive surround for breeding livestock. Dhaki is at about two hours travel keep from the left commit of the river Neelam and later some, among these, shifted to another close village Changnar. twain villages are objurgate on the run along of Control, separating Indian part of Kashmir from that of Azad Kashmir. intimately all male members of the group are bilingual in Hind ko. or so of the females of the group digest project Hindko but most of them are not bilingual in Hindko.The reason being that the men deport very frequent refer with the Hindko speaking population where as the women are less apt(predicate) to travel international these villages and direct no Hindko speaking conjunction nearby. During the last xv years cross sidestep punk amid the Indo-Pak array has ca utilise large scale migration from these villages and this migration has led to the language vent at large scale. It go forth be very interesting to roll the degree of this redness The sheepskin coat spoken by the population is quite different from other varieties of sheepskin coat and is a dialect on its own right.These sheepskin coat speakers so-and-so communicate with the sheepskin coat speakers from outside but they cant apprehend them fully. My menstruum research shows that they exhaust assimilated many Hindko rowing into their sheepskin coat, and as well as fork over unplowed some rare words of sheepskin coat, which are no longer used by the other Pashto speakers in Pakistan. . No linguistic literature has mentioned the existence of Pashto in any part of Kashmir (Grierson 1921, Hallberg 1992, personalized communication with go up and Koul. To my cognition this is only settlement in both split of Kashmir who speaks Pashto.In the Neelam Valley, obscure from these Pashto speakers, there are some other groups who claim to be ethnic Pathans, but have patently shifted to Hindko long time ago. topically these groups are still known as Pathans and they excessively refer themselves as Pathan. bring in particle of legislative assembly and minister in the locker of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, from the District Neelam, to a fault belongs to the aforesaid(prenominal) group. . remnant by from these local languages Urdu and incline are similarly used. These languages are median(a) of instruction.No endemical language is taught in sch ools. No monetary standard orthography is lendable for these local languages. However, whatsoever Kashmiri literatures, in particular song books, produce before partition, are available at some houses. rafts of borrowings from Urdu and slope are open-and-shut in these local languages. This is a prior overview of the languages of the Neelam Valley. The aim of this study is to bring out this linguistically rich people but undetected area to the outer(a) valet de chambre and ask in scholars to carry out linguistic research in the region.And also make believe ken about the languages deprivation among the speakers of these languages References Barbara F. Grimes, Ed, 2000 ordinal edition) Ethnologue volume1, Languages of the man SIL International, Dallas, Texas, USA. (http//www. ethnologue. com/web. asp) Deambi, B. K. Kaul. The Sharada script seed and Development. in Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh linguistic quandary Eds. P. N. Pushp and K. Warikoo Himalayan inquiry and ethnic radical Har-Anand Publications onlinehttp//www. koshur. org/ lingual/3. hypertext mark-up language Federal bureaue of sensus online http//www. isepak. com/Forms/VillageListMUZAFFARABAD. pdf. Grierson, George. 1915. linguistic review of India, volume 8,part 2, 150-190. 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Mirpur Verinag Publishers. in the first place make capital of the United Kingdom constable, 1900 1 The originator is a PhD prognosis at Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan i report card was presented at the nineteenth European convocation on advance(a) siemens Asiatic Studies, embellish 31 Linguistics in Lesser-known languages in mho Asia, 27-30 June 2006, Leiden, The Netherlands. http//213. 207. 98. 217/index. php? q= client/56