Katharina Reiss Text Typology

Katharina Reiss Text TypologyReiss displacement-oriented school school text edition-typology provides a systematic approach to variant. More interestingly, it approaches translation at the text level. This essay will examine Reiss typology with focus on parting the irrigate, published in National Geographic, a monthly clipping that borders on science, geography, hi chronicle and culture.REISS TEXT-TYPOLOGYReiss sees translation as an act of communication whereby the translator acts as a medium (secondary sender). This presupposes that a message has to be passed across, from the primary sender ( obtain text) to the secondary receiver ( butt text). The major media are the source language and the target language. The rail here is to produce a target language text that is functionally equivalent to the source language text (Reiss 1971160). This means the source text should be the consultative point for the translator. In order to achieve this functional equivalence, Reiss propos es a functional approach of text-typology. This approach takes into account the communicative functions of a source text as a basis for translating into the target text. In other rule books, a target text that does not have the same function as the source text is not entirely a translation, but what Reiss calls transfer (ref here). Reiss text-typology includes a two-phase approach in translating a text Phase of analytic thinking and phase of reverbalization. The analysis phase basically involves establishing the text type, genre and style (linguistic form).The phase of analysis is the most important as that is what would inform the translation method acting to social function.Text-type of region the WatersReiss identifies three text-types according to their communicative function namely the informative type (communication of content), the expressive type (communication of artistically organised content) and the operative type (communication of content with a persuasive characte r). There is another hyper-type which she calls the audio-medial text type. This is more of a super-ordinate term for the other three and does not concern the text in chief since it is a written text. Parting the Waters tramp be seen chiefly as an informative text type first given the context of the text magazine and second beca give it gives factual information about a place Korea, and the geographical events that take place there. The translation strategy recommended in this case by Reiss should therefore focus on conveying content.Text variety (genre) of Parting the WatersThis stage has to do with the conventions of structure and language adopted by the text. However, Reiss explains that they may take issue according to varied cultures. The importance of this is to be able to surface a functionally equivalent convention in the target text culture. In this light, Parting the Waters is a kind of popular scientific text. This suggests also that it seeks a wider auditory sense other than scientists. This leads to the final stage of analysis style.Style in Parting the WatersThe final stage of analysis has to do with detai lead semantic, syntactic and pragmatic analysis of the language use (Reiss 1971166). Ordinarily, one would expect that when a text is an informative type, even the language used should be such that it is aimed only at giving facts. But that is often not the case, as Reiss herself admits not in one single language do form and function show a 11 relation (166). Hence, looking at the text, one would find a similar occurrence. The text has expressive language such as the internal rhymes tides, divine, divide of 15 feet. There is also an allusion to a scriptural story not divine interventions, an expression that answers the presupposition in the title itself Parting the Waters. Reiss thus considers this stage of analysis the most important, as the translator is faced with a determinative battle on what would inform the translation the langua ge or the function of the text. At this point, Reiss posits that if using an equivalent language style may weigh on the content of the text, then the translator should stick to the predominant function of the text.Translating Parting the Waters to Yorb limitationsTaking into consideration the content-focused function of the text, the translator is expected to employ a method that would achieve the same function as that of the target text by translating according to the sense and meaning (Reiss 1971167). This suggests that the meaning conveyed by the target text should be equivalent to the meaning in the source text. For this to be achieved, Reiss adds that what is conveyed implicitly in the SL text should be explicated in the TL and vice versa (167). cosmos a popular science text, and specifically about geography, Parting the Waters has terms such as peninsula, southwestern, mile, width, feet, and spring. While more or less of them might have some kind of equivalence (i.e. peninsu la, mile width) in , a climatic description like spring poses a bother because Yorb neither has a word nor group of words for it. This is basically due to the different weather conditions. The question is what should the translator convey here? This is important because spring as used in the text plays a major role in the content by telling us when an event takes place. The only alternative here would be to supervene upon the word with the time of the year this season happens in Korea. The problem with this is that it might salmagundi the meaning, as the sense of season is different from the calendar year. This aspect of the translation problem seems to call on Nidas gloss translation of formal equivalence, that is, the use of footnotes in order to make the text fully comprehensible (Nida 1964129). What this means is that Reiss method is not sufficient to solve this translation problem.In talking about divine interventions, the text makes allusion to a biblical story about the Red Sea. This could be because the author had a target audience in mind and presumes they know about the story in the Bible. Although this can also be linked to the use of expressive language, it is however difficult to ignore the fact that this type of language use plays a role in the text- to maintain the interest of the reader. If the original audience for the source text were scientists, there is doubt as to whether expressive language would have been used at all, since all that would be needed are facts. The question is whether or not to include it in the translation. The answer to this is dependent on another question who are the audience? Sacrificing the expressive form might change the text to an entirely scientific or historic one. This means a different readership, as it may not appeal to a common reader. The problem here is that Reiss method overlooks the fact there is an addressee for even an informative text type. She acknowledges this only in the text variety stage. Commu nication itself is not complete without a receiver, in this case the audience.The title, Parting the Waters, also draws attention. It first makes the reader think of the biblical story of the red sea, and then makes a reader assume that is what the text is about. But this effect can only be achieved based on a shared knowledge between the author and the reader about the biblical story of the Red Sea. This assumption too must have been informed by the fact that the author had an audience in mind. However, the author quickly attends to this low density and possible misconception by the following opening sentence Tides, not divine interventions, divide Unfortunately, the target language (Yorb) audience is a mixture of different religions. In this text the title performs an expressive function, but that is not to say its predominant function is expressive. Since it is an informative text, one would expect again that the title would be informed by the major content being conveyed. But t his is not the case. Moreover, attractive titles seem to be a common feature of this genre. This is also a common feature of Yorb magazines (ref here). The question here is since content is the aim, should the target title be informed by the content alone and leave the use of expressive language? This of course is possible, as Reiss already advises on ignoring such language use especially if it will weigh on the content. The translation can simply have pa-n kun Korea which means The Path between Korean Waters. The consequence of this however is that it might not appeal to the wider audience except a few, specialists. This brings up again the question who are the audience? Reiss considers this an appropriate factor only when the function of the target text is different from the source text (Reiss 1971170). What her typology fails to key is that both source and target texts can have the same function (as in the case of Parting the Waters) but different addressees.CONCLUSIONWhile Reis s translation-oriented text-typology provides a systematic method of approaching a translation task, it does not provide a complete solution for some problems in English to Yorb translation of Parting the Waters. This suggests that it is not absolute that a text function will provide a translation strategy. Fawcett (1997 107) makes this same pointThere is simply no necessary link between text function and translation strategy. Just because we have identified a text functiondoes not mean that we are led inexorably to any logical or translation-scientific imperative to take this function as an overriding parameter to which we subordinate our translation decisions.This further suggests that other translation theories are valid and useful to the extent to which they proffer a solution to a translation problem.