Mr Ulysses S. Grant ,Mr Robert E. Lee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mr Ulysses S. Grant ,Mr Robert E. Lee - Essay Example This document will compare and contrast the two personalities in light of their roles during the Civil War. Ulysses S. Grant was one of the personalities that played a critical role during the Civil war. Bonekemper (233) notes that although people did not know him at the beginning of the war, he was later to emerge as a leading and important commander of the Union forces at the last stages of the war. In fact, Grant was not a soldier at the beginning of the Civil War. His attempt to join the army in 1861 was met with strong resistance from some quarters before being allowed to join the army. He was later to join the Union forces where Grant was elevated to become the Union Commanding General at the last stages of the war. As the commanding general for the Union forces, Grant used military tactics and strategies that helped the Union forces triumph over the confederate forces at the south. By contrast, Lee was a prominent soldier right from the beginning of the Civil War (Bonekemper 233). Unlike Grant, who became a soldier when the war had begun, Lee was the confederate Commanding General right from the beginning of the war, a position, which he held until the end of the Civil War. Secondly, Grant was a very ruthless commander who showed no compassion and mercy to either the confederate soldiers or the civilians. For instance, upon taking command in the last stages of the Civil War, the first thing he did was to order General William Tecumseh Sherman to harass the civilians who were defenseless. Sherman went ahead to implement the direction by ruthlessly taking whatever they wanted from civilians without paying for them. This resulted in the looting of the properties of the local residences even as crops were destroyed, houses torched, and livestock killed (Bonekemper 232). Grants inhumane style of leadership also came to the limelight after ordering a stoppage to the exchange of prisoners of war. Before Grant took command, there was a system in

Employment relationship Essay Example for Free

Employment relationship Essay Unitarism is a process assumes that everyone in an organization is a member of a team with a common purpose representing the goals and policies of a company. The Unitarism has a univocal concept for every individual associated with the company right from managers to lower-level employees, should share the same objectives and work together for a common gain. The various staff levels involved in the company from the unions, the relationship managers and the top line management was actively leveraged for an equal representation through all levels. The groups were accepted only as a part of the reflecting loyalty. The managers were the two way communicators between the workers to the management. The management or the ownership was not allowed to force the loyalty factors. The free market orientation introduced by Margaret Thatcher has elevated the roles of the three levels of the employee relationship. The team representation of various levels have had shifted to more personal attention. The equal employee group representation in a company gradually diminished with management focusing on the individual excellence. The relationship manager who acted as a mediator lost his significance with new profile evolved at the same level of designation. Initially in the early 80’s the personal management scenario was not well defined and without any confined objectives. The personal management system has lot of unanswered concerns like tuning up of the individual performance management concerns with their respective team performance levels. The personal management was general and it was not customized according to the functional and industry specifications to make the personal management more effective. The main concern of Unitarism is, the organization is more inclined towards the organization goals and objectives and may not concentrate on the personal career aspects. The employee may not find it comfortable to tune up the organization goals with his personal individual goals. Pluralism: The pluralism provides freedom to tune up the individuals career goals with the organizational goals. The organization values the employees feedback and encourages the employees to be a part of the decision making process. Every level of the employees has the right to sound his voice in the organization. The employees were thus made responsible to the organization’s performance and profitability. The managers have to play a versatile role in motivating and teaming up the employees. The decision making process can be complex as different brains focus on the concerns and there would be possibility of not arriving at concrete decision The influence of the unions, governing bodies will be more on the management. The influence can swing in both the extremes resulting in the profitability or decisions in favor of a particular sector. Marxism: The Marxism refers the labourers’ welfare and representing their concerns. The low level working class is the prime resource and the Marxism exerts more pressure on upliftment of the working class. The working class was prime resource of production which uses the resources for the prosperity of the organization. The Marxist theories strongly condemn the gap between the operating cost incurred and the profits incurred on the products. The dominance of the top level management and ownership is not accepted. The ownership making considerable profits is not accepted are forced to carry the gains for the benefits of the working class. The modern development has decreased the involvement of the manual labour with the advent of machinery to push the productivity index to a considerable extent. The employee job responsibilities were handled by the machines with the artificial intelligence which in turn does not enhance the skill sets of the working class. The employees at some point of time may perceive the same job profile as monotonous and may loose the expertise. The ownership may start ignoring the skills sets of the workers which in turn lead to termination of labourers. The capitalist dominance was widely disregarded in the later half of the 19th century and many experts has drawn various implications on reformatting the Marxist principles to suite the modern challenges. Among them include Rubery, Braveman, Littler and Paul Edwards, who presented various directions of the labor and employee relations. The main implications drawn by these experts revolve around enhancing the employee relations by activily considering processes like: By Elevating the conflicting raising issues and initiating extra circular efforts like incentives, games and recreation that sooth the workers pressure(Burawoy). The Burawoy definition was vital part of the human resource management in many companies in the today to make the employee feel that the company cares the resources in may other ways. †¢ Bridging the gap between the ownership control and the workers resistance for a mutual profitable accord †¢ A more robust job design keeping on view of the employee growth accepts with equal representation of the control leading to a satisfactory employee relationship(Littler). The management has to tune up the workers with abilities required for the productions(Rubery). The experts have had strongly disregarded the employee coherent methodology with asserting more on mutually acceptable strategies for sustainable business and economic growth. The contemporary organization were now-a-days more proactive in providing the employees with more freedom and flexibility to retain them. The compensatory systems were broadened with more virtual incentives along with salaries wooing the employees to stick to the organizations.

The Paper Motif in Invisible Man :: Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man

Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man depicts a realistic society where white people act as if black people are less than human. Ellison uses papers and letters to show the narrator’s poor position in this society. Many papers seem to show good fortune for the narrator, but only provide false dreams. The narrator’s prize of a brief case containing his scholarship first illustrates this falsehood: â€Å"take this prize and keep it well. Consider it a badge of office. Prize it. Keep developing as you are and some day it will be filled with important papers that will help shape the destiny of your people† (32). The narrator is filled with joy from receiving his scholarship and brief case but subconsciously knows of the shallowness of the superintendent’s heart felt speech. Ellison shows this subconscious knowledge through the narrator’s dream of receiving a letter of deep and truthful meaning: â€Å"And I did and in it I found an engraved document containing a short message in letters of gold†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"To Whom It May Concern,† I intoned. â€Å"Keep This Nigger-Boy Running† (33). Even though it is just a dream, the white people actually do want t o keep the narrator and his race running after false dreams.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another example of the bad associated with papers is when the brotherhood gives the narrator an envelope containing a new name on a piece of paper, replacing his identity: This is your new identity, Brother Jack said. Open it. Inside I found a name written on a slip of paper.That is your new name, Brother Jack said. Start thinking of yourself by that name from this moment. Get it down so that if you are called in the middle of the night you will respond. Very soon you shall be known by it all over the country. You are to answer to no other, understand (302)? The fact that the narrator has been given a new identity and is not sure which one is himself means that the he has no identity at all: â€Å"I would do the work but I would be no one except myself--whoever I was† (303).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The hospital release forms illustrate the white man’s way of making the narrator less than human by depriving him of his work at the company; the doctor will not let him work: You aren’t ready for the rigors of industry. Now I want you to rest, undertake a period of convalescence.

Education has undergone a paradigm shift

Education has undergone a paradigm displacement in recent old ages with accent traveling towards larning instead than learning. Learning is no longer regarded as a unidirectional procedure of cognition transferral/distribution, but instead is considered a transformational procedure in which scholars get facts, theories and rules as conceptual tools for problem-solving and concluding within meaningful contexts. Distance acquisition ( DL ) has non been immune to this displacement and the technological developments of recent decennaries has hastened the rate of alteration. Distance acquisition is defined by the separation of scholar and instructor in infinite and/or clip ( Teaster and Blieszner, 1999 ) and Keegan ( 1995 ) considers that it consequences from the technological separation of scholar and instructor which removes the necessity of â€Å" going to a fixed topographic point†¦ at a fixed clip†¦ to run into a fixed individual†¦ in order to be trained or educated à ¢â‚¬  ( p.7 ) . Although distance acquisition might be thought of as a comparatively new term, it has existed in assorted signifiers for over a hundred old ages, get downing life through correspondence classs and go oning in this manner until being superseded by instructional telecasting and wireless in the mid twentieth century ( Imel, 1996 ) . While it is acknowledged that DL continues to take topographic point through diverse media, and that on-line bringing is merely one of these methods, the groundswell in synergistic engineerings in recent old ages has concomitantly fostered the development of new methodological analysiss which engender ( societal ) constructivist attacks, and it is the issues which surround these developments, and in peculiar some of the ways in which constructivist ideals can be realised in DL that will be the focal point of this assignment. One of the salient characteristics of DL is that it enables larning to be clip and topographic point independent, big scholars are able to set up larning around their mundane modus operandis without being constrained. In the age of IT a diverse scope of instruction ( and other ) engineerings exist to ease distance instruction where teacher and scholar are spatially separated and on-line media are used to cross the educational spread. As engineering has advanced, so the definition of DL has changed, videotaped talks were the standard signifier of bringing in university/professional DL classs in the 1980s and 1990s ( Moore and Lockee, 1998 ) and this theoretical account of spacial and temporal separation continued until the Internet, electronic mail and compressed picture moved DL into new waies and allowed it to happen in real-time. Ongoing technological developments: confab suites, wikis, treatment boards, weblogs and videoconferencing have continued to cut down the distance in DL as societal media engineerings have enabled an addition in engagement through coaction. The usage of Web 2.0 tools has accelerated the acceptance of two-way, synchronal, collaborative e-learning experiences that are get downing to replace the top-down, unidirectional instructional theoretical account. These alterations have led many observers to propose that DL requires a new, qualitatively different teaching method built upon this emerging relationship between te achers and scholars. Pedagogical considerations must recognize that the practical schoolroom possesses a typical social-interaction context and that, although engineerings may be considered transformative, they can non, of themselves, transform the acquisition experience and pedagogues must understand that â€Å" distance instruction is truly about making a different sort of construction for acquisition and instruction, non the usage of engineering † ( Kearsley 1998, no page no. ) . Petraglia ( 1998 ) has suggested that educational engineers may hold misunderstood the challenges which are posed within the DL scene by â€Å" the effort to do learning stuffs and environments correspond to the existent universe prior to the scholar ‘s interaction with them † ( p.53 ) . These efforts at pre-authentication hazard sabotaging the epistemic dimension of constructivism since the pedagogue pre-determines what reliable acquisition is, and this may be in struggle with the scholar ‘s ain perceptual experience of what is reliable for them. This effort at contextualising larning bounds constructivism ‘s application since â€Å" we need to convert scholars of a jobs genuineness instead than advance environments that deliver pre- authenticated jobs † ( Ibid. , p.13 ) . Knowles, Holton and Swanson ( 1998, p.23 ) have criticised ‘chain-like ‘ sequencing of larning events as being elemental instead than holistic, and yet some online acquisition theoretical accounts still use ‘chain-like ‘ sequencing which fail to integrate constructivist elements or take advantage of grownup larning theories to heighten the acquisition environment. Since DL operates in a different environment from the traditional schoolroom, distance pedagogues must utilize typical perceptual experiences and techniques to guarantee success, and some educationists ( Moller, 1998 ; Petraglia, 1998 ; Jonassen, Davidson, Collins, Campbell and Haag, 1995 ) have proposed that constructivism is most relevant to this context. Furthermore, grownup scholars have peculiar demands and demands compared with striplings and kids, hence, distance pedagogues must cognize how adults might larn best because of their peculiar demands. Therefore, this assignment will try to analyze the impact that constructivism has in the distance acquisition environment when focussed upon grownup scholars, and the ways in which new engineerings are back uping the development of constructivist and societal constructivism ideals within this environment. From behaviorism to constructivism Conventional instruction has normally relied upon an objectivist epistemology, this position presumes that cognition can be transferred from coach to student via direction and pattern, and that ‘true world ‘ can be discovered by the amassing of facts ( Kelly, 1970 ) . Teaching underpinned by this doctrine discourages diverse apprehensions and positions, disregards the different contexts/experiences of the person, and considers pupils to be the inactive receiving systems of cognition. Although the didactic, information-giving technique may be appropriate for some acquisition manners and in some contexts, its continuance as a dominant teaching method has stifled acknowledgment of diverse acquisition penchants. In this context accent is placed on teacher-control and student-compliance, in contrast, an recognition that adult scholars bring their ain peculiar larning features to any learning state of affairs leads effectual pedagogues to recognize these features when planning and presenting acquisition. DL has a different scene from the traditional schoolroom ensuing non merely from the spacial separation of instructor and scholar, but besides from the differences in instructional design ( Moore, 1991 ) . Since DL can non ease face-to-face interaction in the same manner that the conventional schoolroom does, and as Moore ( Ibid. ) has noted, group or single interaction is influenced by the educational doctrine in usage, assorted research workers ( McHenry and Bozik, 1995 ; McDonald and Gibson, 1998 ; Comeaux, 1995 ) have focussed upon the survey of interaction in DL. Constructivists ( e.g. , Dewey, 1916 ; Bruner, 1966 ; and Vygotsky, 1978 ) see cognition as socially constructed through scholar ‘s interaction with others. However, Knowle ‘s ( 1970 ) grownup larning theory ( andragogy ) might be viewed as conflicting with the ideals of collaborative larning due to its focal point on learner-centred direction and single acquisition aims and penchants. Collaborative teamwork is likely to be regarded every bit antithetical to these ideals unless the grownup scholar can see positive benefits from engagement. The theories relevant to this country will now be considered. Constructivist and Adult Learning Theory reviewed. Constructivism In recent old ages educational discourse has challenged the objectivist position, with an increasing apprehension that there are many ways of understanding world. Whilst constructivist authors have described assorted signifiers of constructivism, all recognise the active function which the scholar plays in construing the universe ( Larochelle and Bednarz, 1998 ) . Constructivism contests objectivism ‘s position that cognition reflects ontological world ( Ibid. ) , and alternatively proposes that our buildings and universe positions are non stable, but instead are in a province of flux as we build upon old experiences. These alterations signify acquisition, and back up the apprehension that we are ne'er inert, but alternatively are ever larning and interacting ( Kelly, 1970 ) . The Hagiographas of Dewey ( 1916 ) , Vygotsky ( 1965 ) , Bruner ( 1966 ) and Piaget ( 1926 ) have all proposed that pupils learn actively and organize new apprehensions based upon anterior cognition, and these positions view the function of the teacher altering from â€Å" a sage to a usher † ( Mason, 1998, p.4 ) . Dewey ( 1916 ) believed that larning state of affairss represent the experience ( s ) of the environment which affect the scholar, and that interaction occurs between the scholar and the environment. Therefore cognition is predicated upon active experience. Both Dewy and Piaget considered that pedagogues have a function to play both in determining the pupil ‘s experience from the environment, and understanding which milieus are likely to breed experiences that will take to growing. Dewey ( 1916 ) believed that instruction ‘s chief map was to develop the logical thinking procedure, and that jobs to be studied should be drawn from the scholar ‘s ain involvements. He viewed it as indispensable, hence, that â€Å" there be a uninterrupted activity in which he is interested for its ain interest † ( P.163 ) and that â€Å" †¦ a echt job develop within this state of affairs as a stimulation to thought † ( Ibid. ) . In this manner, constructivist methods underscore the development of the scholar ‘s ability to work out real-life jobs, and in making so ‘free-discovery ‘ and ‘problem-solving ‘ come together. As a consequence, cognition is dynamic and constructed upon the find proce dure ( Dewey, 1916 ) , and the teacher is viewed as a usher alternatively of as a manager of larning since acquisition allows for originative interaction instead than being purely outcome-based. Vygotsky ( 1965 ) moved beyond concentrating upon the person, interpreting and building significances of world, alternatively seeing single acquisition as grounded in the socio-cultural context, and symbolically mediated through language/dialogue. For Vygotsky, the scholar ‘s societal interactions, including those with instructors and other scholars, are critically of import to cognitive development, ensuing in Vygotskian theory frequently being referred to as societal constructivism. Vygotsky ‘s Zone of Proximal Development ( ZPD ) describes how engagement with another ( instructor or equal ) enables scholars to polish their thought or public presentation and do it more effectual ; this thought was taken farther by Bruner ( 1966 ) in developing the construct of scaffolding. Bruner ( Ibid. ) views instruction as a procedure of personal find, with cognitive growing happening as pupils progress through three larning phases: enactive, iconic and symbolic. In order to bring f orth apprehension, pupils must travel through the phases in turn, bring forthing new constructs and thoughts in a procedure of find acquisition, or, with the aid of another, through guided find. Knowles et Al. ( 1998 ) contend that this find should take topographic point in real-life state of affairss in order to be genuinely effectual and argue that much grownup acquisition is informal. Knowles is best known for his proposal of a theory of grownup larning which will now be reviewed. Adult larning theory Andragogy as an political orientation of constructs, thoughts and attacks for grownup instruction and acquisition was introduced by Malcolm Knowles in 1968 in acknowledgment of the different demands and motives of grownups compared with younger scholars. Conventional pedagogical theoretical accounts do non take history of these differences and so may bring forth tenseness, opposition and feelings of bitterness ( Knowles et al. , 1998 ) Six rules of grownup acquisition have been outlined: Need to cognize – grownups want to cognize why something should be learned, â€Å" what acquisition will happen, and why acquisition is of import † ( Ibid. , p.133 ) . The objectivist theoretical account assumes that pupils will larn what they are told to larn. However, grownups are used to commanding and understanding what they do, hence they want to cognize why something should be learnt and what benefit ( s ) larning will convey. Self concept – â€Å" Adults resent and resist and resist state of affairss in which they feel others are enforcing their volitions on them † ( Ibid, p.65 ) . Whilst they feel the demand for liberty, old educational experiences may hold made them dependent. It is the grownup pedagogue ‘s function to promote pupils to go self-directing, taking duty for their acquisition. Role of experience – Adult scholars are more heterogenous than immature pupils, their anterior experiences impact on acquisition, and they want to do usage of bing foundations of cognition, using them to new learning experiences. Readiness to larn – Adults are merely prepared to larn if/when their life state of affairs creates a demand to larn ( Knowles, 1970 ) . Orientation to larning – Adults favour problem-solving orientations, larning best when real-life contexts are used to show cognition. Motivation to larn – Internal precedences are more of import than external incentives, grownups are motivated to larn when the cognition can be utilised to work out jobs in their lives. Brookfield ( 1995 ) besides considered attacks to andragogy, holding with Knowles that grownups need to be autonomous and take control of their acquisition, and that this acquisition should be grounded in experiences. Additionally, Brookfield identified as of import critical refection – focusing on how adults thinks contextually and critically, and larning to larn. Brookfield ( Ibid. ) describes the instruction of grownups to larn how to larn as an â€Å" overarching intent for those pedagogues who work with grownups † ( no page no. ) Distance acquisition and ( societal ) constructivism Behaviourist educational schemes, trusting on the development of instructional sequences with results that are predetermined, have formed the footing of capable development for a figure of old ages. Constructivists are critical of this theoretical account because of its delegating of the function of the pupil to one of inactive receiver, and it reliance upon ‘drill and pattern ‘ larning activities with small attending paid to mental schemes or the significances behind them. This attack does non do allowances for negotiated shared significances, and fails to recognize the value of larning from errors made ( Williams and Burden, 1997 ) . Constructivism, in contrast to behaviorism, focuses on pupil ‘s innate efforts to do sense of the universe as the footing for the acquisition procedure, and recognises that persons use their anterior experiences in this procedure. The burden on the pedagogue displacements, hence, from being the ‘mechanic ‘ of cognition transportation, to going the ‘midwife ‘ in understanding ‘s birth ( von Glaserfield, 1996 ) with duty for making rich acquisition environments which provide the chance for meaningful experiences. In sing the function of constructivist theory in distance acquisition, Jonassen et Al. ( 1995 ) suggest four rules for constructivist environments that â€Å" engage scholars in cognition building through collaborative activities that embed larning in a meaningful context and through contemplation on what has been learned through conversation with others † ( p.5 ) . The rules propose that on-line distance larning environments should b e built with a focal point upon: Context, including a real-world component to avoid ‘chain-like ‘ sequencing ; Construction, leting active cognition building through articulation and contemplation ; Collaboration, happening amongst scholars to back up the development and rating of beliefs and hypotheses, and Conversation, for the dialogue of solutions to jobs. The acknowledgment of the importance of coaction and conversation amongst scholars as cardinal elements in the acquisition procedure is rooted in constructivism ‘s outgrowth: societal constructivism, which emphasises larning ‘s societal and collaborative nature ( Vygotsky, 1978 ) . McLoughlin and Oliver ( 1998 ) see that the constructivist position fails to to the full recognize that societal procedures, for illustration coaction, peer interaction and linguistic communication usage, have an of import impact on larning. Social constructivist believing positions cognition as constructed when scholars engage in conversation or activities about common undertakings or jobs. Meaning is constructed through a dialogic procedure and acquisition occurs as pupils are enculturated by better skilled equals ( Driver, Asoko, Leach, Mortimer and Scott, 1994 ) . Through this procedure, cultural tools are acquired via engagement in cultural activities. Wells ( 1999 ) considers that Vygotsk ian theory supports this thought of a teacher-led collaborative community in which â€Å" all participants learn with, and from, each other as they engage together in dialogic question † ( p. twelve ) . Therefore, it is possible to see larning non as the teacher-directed lone activity of making specific responses to precise cues as behaviorism suggests, nor as an independent manner of researching the universe and doing sense of the experience as Piaget proposes. Rather societal constructivism positions larning as a socially synergistic procedure in which persons make significances through interactions with others. Mediation, hence, can be seen as an indispensable component in the societal constructivist larning procedure. A go-between is another who is more knowing or experienced than the scholar ( i.e. instructor, parent or equal ) who assists the scholar in doing sense of their experiences in order to manner new apprehensions. By adding the factor of mediation to the construct of constructivism, Jonassen et Al. ( 1995 ) and Williams and Burden ( 1997 ) have proposed that four factors influence acquisition, these are: instructors, scholars, undertakings and contexts, and Williams a nd Burden ( Ibid. ) consider that â€Å" they all interact as portion of a dynamic, on-going procedure † ( P. 43 ) . In this manner, societal constructivism regards the instructor as usher or facilitator working with scholars in a collaborative group working within real-world contexts to make significance from problem-based undertakings. Constructing communities and contracting the distance The challenge for the distance pedagogue is to unite these factors into a successful acquisition environment and diverse issues of constructivism and andragogy demand to be considered. Palloff and Pratt, ( 2007 ) suggest that making successful distance instruction utilizing on-line methods will affect reassigning our best patterns from the schoolroom into a new sphere, â€Å" in this new sphere, nevertheless, the patterns may non look precisely the same † ( p.6 ) . The on-line medium obliges DL pedagogues to believe otherwise in order to use its learning-enhancing functionality and pedagogic/andragogic potencies. It poses the challenge, and presents the chance, of making a sense of community which can breed societal constructivist acquisition. Within instruction, sense of community includes larning community and societal community ( Rovai, Wighting and Lucking, 2004 ) , and community-building has been identified as a factor in cut downing or forestalling the feelings of disaffection and isolation which may lend to student abrasion in DL ( Rovai, 2002 ) . Learning community comprises of how members perceive group rank with respect to shared norms/values and to the ability to run into educational aims/expectations ( Rovai et al. , 2004 ) . Social community is representative of the feelings of community members towards their connection, coherence, safety, mutuality, common trust, and sense of belonging ( Ibid. ) . The DL pedagogue Fosters this sense of community through the creative activity of a safe environment wherein pupils do non experience threatened when showing thoughts, by advancing socialization, exposing regard for diverse backgrounds, supplying feedback which directs and keeps communicating fluxing, reacting to pu pils ‘ educational demands, and keeping an obvious online interceding presence. Brown ( 2001 ) links the grade of community experienced by scholars with the degree of battle and duologue within the category and this is a position shared by Moore ( 1993 ) who considered the dealing of distance acquisition. Transactional distance theory defines the distance in DL as more than merely the spacial disjunction of instructors and scholars, but instead as a distance of perceptual experiences and apprehensions which is partly caused by geographic separation ; this separation must be reduced if effectual acquisition is to happen. Transactional theory evolved from work by Dewey and Bentley ( 1949 ) , and â€Å" connotes the interplay among the environment, the persons and the form of behaviors in a state of affairs † ( Boyd and Apps ( 1980 ) , cited in Barbadillo, 1998, no page ordinal number ) . The DL dealing takes topographic point between scholars and instructors within an environment with the typical feature of spacial separation and the attendant array of part icular acquisition and instruction behaviors. Transactional distance is engendered by the physical separation which creates a communicational spread, or psychological infinite – an country of possible mistake between the inputs of the instructor and scholar ( Moore, 1993 ) . Moore ( 2007 ) considers that transactional distance is comparative, non absolute, and that larning programmes are non ‘distance ‘ or ‘not distance ‘ but instead they have â€Å" more distance or less distance † ( p.91 ) . Transactional development is influenced by three factors: duologue, construction and liberty ( Moore, 1993 ) . The nature and extent of duologue may be affected by diverse factors ( class design, teacher/learner personalities, capable affair, environment etc. ) , but the medium of communicating is besides an of import factor. Programs with small or no dialogic interplay have a greater transactional distance than those which foster dynamic duologue. The usage of synergistic, electronic media supports this dynamism and so help the shortening of transactional distance. Structure is evaluated by Moore ( Ibid. ) from the position of the class ‘s flexibleness or rigidness in footings of the constitution of learning techniques, educational ends, appraisal processs and the grade to which single demands are met. Finally Moore ( Ibid. ) views liberty as the extent of scholar control exercised over acquisition processs – the sum of pick the pupil has over issues of larning ends, rate of advancement, mode of instruction and assessment methods. Moore ‘s theory has obvious analogues with constructivist, societal constructivist and grownup acquisition theories, and it is evident that as andragogical and constructivist elements are introduced, transactional distance will diminish. Transactional distance and duologue are reciprocally relative, therefore a lessening in duologue will ensue in an addition in transactional distance, whilst an addition in dialogue reduces distance. Although Moore ( 1993 ) focussed upon the dialogic interplay between instructor and scholar, using constructivist attacks in combination with societal package Fosters dialogue amongst equals every bit good as between scholar and instructor in the spirit of Williams and Burden ‘s ( 1997 ) socially-constructed, dynamic procedure. Dialogue is besides relative to class construction, an addition in construction lessenings duologue and accordingly increases transactional distance ( Moore, 1993 ) ; Moore speculated that grownup scholars of course exh ibit independent behavior and this liberty relies upon decreased degrees of transactional distance e.g. low degrees of construction and high degrees of duologue. Constructivist ideals can further the decrease of transactional distance and so increase liberty in the spirit of Knowle ‘s self-conception. Interaction plays an of import portion in this procedure, and the ways in which engineering can help this must be considered. Interaction There are basically two types of interaction in a learning state of affairs. One consists of the scholar interacting separately with content, while the other involves societal activity – the scholar ‘s interactions with others ( equals or instructor ) about the content. A DL environment that is to supply affectional and effectual acquisition whilst making a sense of community and contracting the transactional distance must breed both sorts of interaction. In the yesteryear, societal interaction about content chiefly took topographic point between the pedagogue and scholar, but emergent engineerings have made it progressively executable for scholars to interact with each other and this interaction gives learners the chance to reflect, reconsider and cooperate in reliable problem-solving ( Lave and Wenger, 1991 ; Berge, 1995 ) . Social interactions which would usually happen in the conventional schoolroom ( e.g. sharing, treatment, group activities, equal reviewing, etc. ) must alternatively take topographic point via tools and engineerings in distance acquisition environments. However, some of these tools/technologies have restrictions which may impact the kinds of interactions that are possible or likely to go on. Online engineerings provide affordances that can be utilised for larning through substructures which allow connexions to objects and people that are in other environments ( Ryder and Wilson, 1996 ; Harasim, Hiltz, Teles and Turnoff, 1995 ) . Although these engineerings can further good interactions, they may besides impede them since pupils can non interact efficaciously unless they are easy able to use the media that they have been tasked with utilizing ( Kruper, 2002 ; Salmon, 2001 ) . Web 2.0 engineerings, which encompass a diverse scope of constituents that can be used to heighten the constructivist larning procedure, may offer a solution to this job. These tools are characterised by their celerity of deployment/ease of usage, enabling powerful information sharing and breeding constructive coaction ( Boulos, Maramba and Wheeler, 2006 ) . The minimum accomplishments needed to entree the characteristics of these engineerings allow scholars to concentrate upon information exchange and collaborative undertakings without the distraction of an environment which is technologically complex ( Kirkpatrick, 2006 ) . These tools – wikis, web logs, RSS provenders and podcasts etc. have been jointly called ‘social package ‘ and encapsulate a scope of coaction and information-sharing characteristics which may move as cognitive contemplation tools, helping building of significance as scholars develop content. The collaborative nature of societal package allows for the edifice of cognition both with and for others, concentrating upon the community instead than the single scholar. Collaborative acquisition may be synergised by happening in a community of pattern context – with scholars engaged in corporate acquisition within a shared sphere ( Lave & A ; Wenger, 1991 ) . Social package tools can move as cognition platforms for such a community, enabling information-sharing, treatment and coaction therefore helping the development of a constructivist environment. However, Marjanonic ( 1999 ) has criticised synchronal collaborative tools for enabling â€Å" communicating†¦ instead than computer-mediated coaction † ( p.131 ) . Hesse, Garsofsky and Hron ( 1997, cited in Pfister and Muhlpfordt, 2002, p.1 ) delineate the possible restrictions of utilizing synchronal text-based tools for collaborative discourse: deficiency of societal consciousness, deficient group coordination a nd lacking coherency of parts ; Pfister and Muhlpfordt ( 2002 ) besides stress the troubles that there may be in breeding consistent communicating, and equalizing parts within synchronal discourse. However, even in the schoolroom environment collaborative acquisition is non without its jobs, there may be, for case, pupils who dominate, inactive pupils, pupils who are loath to show their thoughts ( peculiarly if these contradict the instructor ‘s ) , or pupils making no work at the disbursal of others. The on-line environment may really assist to extenuate some of these jobs and lead pupils to comprehend online group treatments as more democratic and just than the traditional schoolroom ‘s opposite number ( Swan, 2001 ) . Some ( e.g. Jonassen and Kwon, 2001 ; Lai, 1997 ) assert that topics affecting treatment, brainstorming or contemplation are peculiarly suited to the online environment, and brooding acquisition – attacks that enable scholars to reflect on their acquisition and their acquisition processes – may be particularly effectual in this context. An of import component of brooding acquisition is that of reflecting upon cognition in order to do i t explicit. Social package, for illustration wikis, enables this contemplation to take topographic point collaboratively, conveying larning closer to the societal constructivist ideal. Employing tools which foster contemplation and self-assessment is a type of meta-cognitive staging that assists pupils in associating larning procedures to aims, and motivates them to presume duty for their ain acquisition. The usage of scaffolding as an foil of pupil acquisition was proposed by Bruner ( 1966 ) edifice upon the work of Vygotsky ( 1965 ) and in its original signifier viewed the instructor as the most likely scaffolder, making support systems for the pupil. However, in a technologically supported, constructivist environment where the pedagogue ‘s function as guide/facilitator is emphasised, equals, support tools or computing machine coachs are merely every bit likely to supply scaffolding. Beed, Hawkins and Roller ( 1991 ) see that scaffolding must take topographic point within a collaborative context, runing across the scholar ‘s ZPD, and be withdrawn as the scholar develops competence. From this it is clear that scaffolding within a DL environment may be an inherently societal procedure within which supportive interaction occurs in a collaborative context. Decision Much has changed in distance acquisition since its birth, rooted in correspondence classs, in the 1800s. Early classs were extremely structured, with minimum duologue between instructor and taught, and accordingly the distance between them – Moore ‘s psychological and communications gap – was great. Subsequent developments in communications engineering narrowed this distance, but the objectivist doctrine underpinning the exchange remained basically the same. Whilst it has been recognised for a figure of old ages that constructivist attacks may better the quality of instruction and acquisition in our schoolrooms, it has merely been in recent times, with the widespread usage of broadband and the development of tools which take advantage of its capablenesss, that constructivist ideals have been to the full capable of integrating into DL programmes. The new capablenesss afforded by societal package engineerings and the on-going development of online synchronal communi cations enable advanced staging and breed societal acquisition. However, distance pedagogues should non be tempted to utilize the advantages that engineering offers to try to animate the traditional schoolroom virtually, or to make state of affairss which pre-determine acquisition. This risks restricting the application of constructivism, and fails to admit that distance larning occurs in a typical socio-interactive context which requires a alone attack to learning and acquisition. Recent decennaries have seen important alterations in the bringing of DL as a consequence of new apprehensions about how grownups learn, and prefer to larn, every bit good as the rise of engineerings which enable the distance pedagogue to be ‘present ‘ even though temporally or spatially separate. The application of constructivist and andragogical theories combined with emergent engineerings have enabled the creative activity of practical schoolrooms within which collaborative communities can develop together, with the pedagogue presuming the function of facilitator in the group ‘s co-construction of cognition and significance. This interactive combination of theory and engineering has allowed distance larning to offer the grownup learner the ability to larn without clip or topographic point restraints whilst besides supplying the benefits – sense of belonging and collaborative endeavor – which the conventional schoolroom may offer. As a consequence, p upils no longer hold to ‘trade-off ‘ the advantages of synergistic acquisition against the convenience of distance survey, but instead can bask the benefits of both.

Juveniles With Mental Disorders

Among Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders In Mississippi. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 35 (1). 55-74. Review of Article This article examined how 14-20% of Juveniles that are incarcerated at Youth Detention facilities suffers some type of diagnosis for a mental disorder and 9-13% can be classified as having a serious emotional disturbance.This rate is very high and shows that the majority of children involved in the Juvenile delinquent system uffers some type of mental illness. This article examine a study conducte dover a 6 month period in 2000 for youth from ages of 12-18. They were found in nine long term youth detention facilities and two long term training schools. The Juveniles had a range of offenses that included aggravated assault, manslaughter, truancy, robbery, trespassing, running away. DUI, and drug offenses. Goal of Study There were actually three goals for this study.The primary goal of the study was to determine the poing prevalence of mental Illness, substance a buse and co-occurring ental health and substance abuse disorders of Juveniles held in Mississippi detention centers and training schools. The secondary goal was to determine the types and severity of problems by gender. The third goal was to examine the geographic differences and similarities in mental health and substance abuse disorders among Incarcerated youth In Misslsslppl compared to other states.Methodology (subjects, number of subjects, research design, Independent and Dependent Variables) The subjects that participated in the study were youth, both male and females between the ages of 12-18 years old. The number of subjects that participated in the study was 482. The youth were incarcerated in long-term juvenile correctional facilities called training schools and nine Juvenile detention centers during a 6 month period in 2000. The youth were approached in groups and Individually. There were 64. 3% (292) males, 65. 4% (297) blacks, 31 . 7% (144) whites and 2. 9% other racial /ethnic groups.The average age for the participants was 15. 3 years. The way that data was research was different at the detention centers and training schools. At the detention centers, Master's level mental health counselors visited ach facility on a weekly basis, approached newly detained adolescnts, and collected measures from consenting youths on an individual basis. The Adolescent Psychopathology Scale (APS), a standardized diagnostic questionnaire, and the Juvenile Detention Interview were collected. The counselors answered 16 mental stattus indicators based on their observation of the adolescent.Interviewers then noted their clinical Impressions. In the training schools, groups of 20-25 Juveniles 1 OF3 the test aftering explaining the purpose of the study. Adolescents that needed ssistance with reading were helped individually. The Juvenile Detention Interview and clinical observations were not conducted at the training due to time constraints. The APS is a 346 item self rep ort measure of adolescent psychopathology that directly evaluates teh severity of symptoms associatd with specific Diagnostice and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Axis I Clinical disorders and Axis II Personality disorders.The APS assesses behaviors that interfere with successful psychosocial adaptation and person competence. The APS has a third grade reading level and is esigned for administration to youth 12-19 years of age either individually or in groups. The APS is composed of 20 Clinical disorders, 5 Personality disorders, 1 1 Psychosocial Problem Content, and 4 Response Style Indicator scales. The findings from this study found that Juvenile offenders have high rates of mental and substance abuse disorders.The most common disorders were ADHD, Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Over half of the offenders in this study met criteria for conduct disorder and 35. 2% for disruptive disorder. The Juvenile Detention Interview is a 30-45 minute face to face se mi-structured nterview that records psychosocial history and includes alcohol and other drug use, mental health problems, and a number of risk factors associated with dlinquency involvement and criminal recidivism.Master's level clinicians collected information on reason for the youth to be admitted to Juvenile detention, youth education/ employment history, home environment, social environment to include gang membership, alcohol/drug use, family history, menal and medical treatment history. The interview also included 16 mental status questions that were completed by the nterviewer b ased on observation of the Juvenile during the interview process. The Juvenile Detention Interview was developed as a mental health and substance abue screening and triage form specifically for use in Juvenile detention centers.There are many advantages of this interview process; it does not require special training to administer, could be administered in the time allotted, and provides a basis for ini tial clinical impressions and services needs. Findings It was found that 17-22% youth had mood disorders, 10-20% had depressive disorders and only about 7% had some type of anxiety disorder. Females were more likely to score higher for Major Depression than males and were more likely to meet criteria for PTSD. Males rated higher for Conduct Disorder.The implications of this study found that many Juveniles mental health needs are going unmet and that mentally ill Black youth are more likely to be placed in Youth Detention facilities and mentally ill White youth are more likely to be placed in psychiatric hospitals. This study has shown that mental health screening are needed to help identify which juveniles are in need of mental health services so that they can get the services eeded to hopefully prevent them from coming back to detention facilities and committing more crimes, routine follow-up is also necessary.The findings of the study were used to assist administration of Juvenile Justice and mental health services for Juvenile offenders. RESPONSE In my opinion in this article the mental health needs of the youth were going unmet because the state instead of focusing the time that was actually needed and using licensed professions they wanted to use shortcuts for time and did not use certain standardized instruments because of time constraints and because mental health linicians did not have to be licensed they were of adequate use for the facilities which were cheaper to use versus the expense of a licensed counselor.I am pretty sure that many Juveniles are Just thrown into detention centers because it is thought that incarceration is therapy when actually it is not; it is actually a hinderance to those who really need help, but the state does minimum for those who are incarcerated and that is a known fact. There is a lack of medical attention and treatment if not only Juvenile facilities, but Jails and prisons for adults as well.

To kill a mockingbird - Analysis essays

To kill a mockingbird - Analysis essays Harper Lee was born in 1926 in Alabama. She studied law at the University of Alabama and then started to write.To Kill a Mockingbird? is her first novel. It was at once unanimously acclaimed by most critics, it won the Pulitzer Prize and some other awards, and was even filmed in 1962. In this book Harper Lee tries to bring to light the problem which had long been suppressed the one ofwhite men cheating black men?, as the main character of the novel Atticus Finch said, the problem of that colour-bar. The novel is a vivid and true picture of the Southern habitudes remaining from the slave-owning times. The extract represents the scene of the trial. Tom Robinson, a young Negro man, is indicted for raping a white girl. Judge Taylor appointed Atticus Finch, a notorious lawyer, hoping that he would do his best. Atticus was eager to take up that case to make sure it would be a square deal, though he was not once threatened by the Ku-Klux-Klan. And the story is told on the part of his daughter, Jean. Actually the trial is not the word, because everyone was silent in the court except for one man Atticus. He wasn't a thunderer, but he was sure to keep the jury out for a long time. This was a special case and Atticus behaved not like usual him and did some things he would never do under such circumstances: he unhitched his watch and chain, unbuttoned his vest and collar, loosened his tie and took off his coat. He spoke in an unusual way, with a voice that was not arid or detached. The case to his mind should never have come to trial, as it was too simple. He believed that the girl, the chi ef witness for the state, the same as her father, was guilty herself; and trying to put the evidence of her offence away from her, she tempted Tom Robinson, a Negro, to put him, her daily reminder of what she did, away from her. And Tom Robinson, on his part was guilty only for his temerity to feel sorry for a white woman. Atticus tried to shatter the assumpt...

Free Essays on The Right Of Self-Defense

More than a decade ago a controversial â€Å"concealed-carry† law went into effect in Florida. People feared this would quickly lead to disaster and that blood would literally be running in the streets. Today, it is safe to say that those dire predictions were completely unfounded. According to the Department of Justice statistics 87% of violent crimes occur outside the home. Despite the fact that Americans possess 70,000,000 handguns, you are not armed if you don’t have a weapon at hand when, and where, needed. Even assuming that the victim can â€Å"see it coming† and has the time and ability to call the police, Dept of Justice Statistics reveal that they can get to the scene within 5 minutes about 28% of the time. Call for a cop, call for an ambulance and call for a pizza. See which shows up first. From 1984-1992, the city of Los Angeles refused to issue a single permit, a city of 3,500,000 people 50 year old outspoken, Jewish Liberal man in Denver, was outside his home when a volley of thirteen bullets from a MAC-10 machine gun killed him in June of 1984. It was reported by the Denver Post that this man was Alan Berg-famous Denver radio talker for whom people would hang patiently on â€Å"hold† for many minutes, waiting to be insulted by the acknowledged master of the craft. In Denver, Police Chief Ari Zavaras granted a mere 45 permits in a city with a population of 500,000. The detective who administered Zavaras’ program explained, â€Å"Just because you fear for your life is not a compelling reason to have a permit.† Among those denied a permit in Denver was Alan Berg. He had received several death threats and applied for a carry permit. He was shot and killed by white supremacists. A 1997 study by John Loot And David Mustard â€Å"Crime, Deterrence and Right-to-Carry Concealed Handguns,† provides significant criminological support for the claim that, far from increasing bloodshed, s... Free Essays on The Right Of Self-Defense Free Essays on The Right Of Self-Defense More than a decade ago a controversial â€Å"concealed-carry† law went into effect in Florida. People feared this would quickly lead to disaster and that blood would literally be running in the streets. Today, it is safe to say that those dire predictions were completely unfounded. According to the Department of Justice statistics 87% of violent crimes occur outside the home. Despite the fact that Americans possess 70,000,000 handguns, you are not armed if you don’t have a weapon at hand when, and where, needed. Even assuming that the victim can â€Å"see it coming† and has the time and ability to call the police, Dept of Justice Statistics reveal that they can get to the scene within 5 minutes about 28% of the time. Call for a cop, call for an ambulance and call for a pizza. See which shows up first. From 1984-1992, the city of Los Angeles refused to issue a single permit, a city of 3,500,000 people 50 year old outspoken, Jewish Liberal man in Denver, was outside his home when a volley of thirteen bullets from a MAC-10 machine gun killed him in June of 1984. It was reported by the Denver Post that this man was Alan Berg-famous Denver radio talker for whom people would hang patiently on â€Å"hold† for many minutes, waiting to be insulted by the acknowledged master of the craft. In Denver, Police Chief Ari Zavaras granted a mere 45 permits in a city with a population of 500,000. The detective who administered Zavaras’ program explained, â€Å"Just because you fear for your life is not a compelling reason to have a permit.† Among those denied a permit in Denver was Alan Berg. He had received several death threats and applied for a carry permit. He was shot and killed by white supremacists. A 1997 study by John Loot And David Mustard â€Å"Crime, Deterrence and Right-to-Carry Concealed Handguns,† provides significant criminological support for the claim that, far from increasing bloodshed, s...

The United Kingdoms Ageing Population

The United Kingdom's Ageing Population Like many countries across Europe, the United Kingdoms population is ageing. Although the number of elderly people is not rising as quickly as some countries such as Italy or Japan, the UK’s 2001 census showed that for the first time, there were more people aged 65 and older than under 16 living in the country. Between 1984 and 2009, the percentage of the population aged 65 rose from 15% to 16% which is an increase of 1.7 million people. Over same period, the proportion of those under 16 fell from 21% to 19%. By 2040, it is estimated that there will be 15 million people aged 65 or over, compared to 8.7 million under 16.Within this older age cohort, the most rapid rise has been made by the ‘oldest old’ who are aged 85. Their numbers have increased from 660,000 in 1984 to 1.4 million in 2009.By 2034, it is predicted that there will be 3.5 million people in the elderly age range, accounting for 5% of the UK population. Nearly 90,000 of these will be over 100 years old – seven times the 2009 figure. Why is the Population Ageing? These are the reasons for an ageing population: increased life expectancy and Increased fertility rate, Life Expectancy As medicine advances and older populations are healthier, they will live longer and thus the population as a whole will age. Fertility Rate In the UK, the fertility rate has been below replacement levels since the early 1970s. The average fertility is presently 1.94 but there are regional differences within this, with Scotland’s fertility rate currently 1.77 compared with 2.04 in Northern Ireland. There is also a shift to higher mean pregnancy ages – women giving birth in 2009 were on average one year older (29.4) than those in 1999 (28.4). There a lot of factors that have contributed to this change. These include improved availability and effectiveness of contraception; the rising costs of living; increasing female participation in the labour market; changing social attitudes; and the rise of individualism. Impacts on Society Work and Pensions Longer retirement periods may lead to an increased level of pensioner poverty, especially amongst those who have not been able to pay into occupational schemes. Women are particularly vulnerable to this. They have a higher life expectancy than men and can lose their husband’s pension support if he dies first. They are also more likely to have taken time out of the labor market to raise children or care for others, meaning they may not have saved enough for their retirement. In response to this, the UK government recently announced plans to remove the fixed retirement age meaning that employers can no longer force people to retire once they reach 65. They have also announced plans to increase the retirement age for women from 60 to 65 by 2018. It will then be raised to 66 for both men women by 2020. Employers are also being encouraged to employ older workers and specialist initiatives are being put in place to support older people in returning to work. Healthcare Positive Impacts It is also noted that healthy retirees are able to provide care to their grandchildren and more likely to be involved in community activities. They are more inclined to support the arts by attending concerts, theatres and galleries and some studies show that as we get older, our satisfaction with life increases. In addition, communities are likely to become safer as older people are statistically less likely to commit crimes.

Quality Tools in Decision Making Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quality Tools in Decision Making - Research Paper Example The affinity process is mostly applied to group ideas, which have been engendered, through the procedure of brainstorming. The process of affinity is performed by a cluster or team. Its chief aim is to meld the opinions, perceptions and insights of a group of people that are knowledgeable or well acquainted with the topic or issue concerned. This process has been found to work excellently in situations where the participants taking part are not more than six. An affinity program is critical when a person has workloads of data that they are overwhelmed on what to do with it. This process enables people to arrange such plentiful information from various sources, to assist them in their decision-making. People can apply the affinity program by first examining the issue concerned in broad terms such as applying an open-end question or statement. As a group, they can the generate ideas and opinions and record them maybe on a wall, larger sheet of paper, haphazardly. However, this has to b e in a place where all those present can see and access them. From, here they can arrange the notes or ideas according to their correlation or similarity in groupings. After grouping related ideas together, they can then select a phrase or word that covers the intent of every faction, and situate it at the summit of the category, as a heading or title. This can be done repeatedly, until the broadest title is reached at, forming a hierarchical structure that highlights the correlation of the data (Parnell, 2011). Strengths Affinity diagrams are critical in solving complicated or difficult problems that people discover to be hard to grasp. It is applied to arrange output that results from a brainstorming session. Additionally it is applied when a person is facing a challenging task but by engaging with other fellow professionals, experts or people with relevant information in the field they manage to solve problems or issues that are complex to understand (Heldman, 2011). An affinity program is integral in decision making, as it enables those with the responsibility of delivering a decision, to gather large amounts of information from a faction, within a limited or short amount of time. Through brainstorming, people offer their opinions and ideas within a group in a short while; thus enabling them to collect relevant and crucial information, within a short time (Ward and Worrel, 2006). This process is also significant in team building as it offers each member in group a chance to contribute and give input to the challenge or problem that they are facing. Every member is provided with an opportunity to air his or her ideas and opinions regarding the issue (Parnell, 2011). Furthermore, this process allows information to be organized into categories that makes it easier for such data to be used with other tools. The information collected, will be applied with other tools to attain the desired decisions or results, more so in business, which might be beneficial to t he business, in the contemporary, competitive business world (Hoerl and Snee, 2012). Weakness As highlighted, the affinity diagram is critical when there is the existence of piles and numerous amounts of data. However, this tool is not applicable in a situation where there is less than 15 items of information have been discovered. In such a case, using this tool is unnecessary, as one can elucidate and coalesce the ideas, and

Inclusion of EBD students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inclusion of EBD students - Essay Example Eventually, the United States federal government made numerous legislative changes to address this issue and have helped change public opinion to give special needs students many more advantages. Today the goal of the United States’ special education program is to enable children with special needs to become full members of society. One of the problems that the United States faces with special needs programs is that teachers are not preparing all special needs students as several slip through the cracks of an overburdened system. Students with invisible handicaps have been left behind and pushed aside. For example, students with emotional behavior disorders are not fully included in the school programming. The easiest way to deal with them has been to push them away into specially designed ‘behavior’ classrooms. Lack of funding has prevented many systems from including the kind of real support these students need to help them become successful in the classroom and, in turn, become full members of society. Throughout history the treatment of students with special needs has been troubled with injustice and inappropriate practices. Many special needs students were placed in asylums and institutions. The asylums and institutions of the early 1900’s were replaced with â€Å"special classes† by the 60’s and 70’s where students with disabilities were segregated and labeled. Although these classes were improvement over the asylums, the children in these programs were stigmatized and were given little opportunity to interact with the general population in the schools. These students had little understanding of the social networking necessary for integration into society and therefore had little chance of success. With time, these special classes gradually began to include students with less obvious disabilities. In these classes students were taught by

Owner Controlled Insurance Programs versus Traditional Insurance Term Paper

Owner Controlled Insurance Programs versus Traditional Insurance Programs - Term Paper Example It is purchased by construction owner for the benefit of builders or contractors engaged with the project, which includes compensation of workers, general liability, pollution liability, builders risk and professional liability among others. OCIP is a comparatively new vehicle in insurance sector for residential projects. Due to rapid growth of defective constructive designs, these policies are becoming highly popular among the builders and the contractors (Grenier, 2001). The study is mainly based on the analysis of OCIP versus Traditional insurance programs. Both the insurance policies play vital roles in the construction sector but OCIP provides advanced reliability than traditional insurance policies, as OCIP wraps up multiple policies provided by the owner to the contractors or the developers in a project including the facilities which are not supported in traditional insurance policies. Risks Associated with OCIP OCIP is commonly known as Wrap-Up Policy in United States. Both the OCIP and traditional policies were developed in 1950’s. The difference between the owner controlled insurance program and traditional insurance program lies with those who procure the policy. In OCIP, an individual party purchases insurance policies for all contractors involved in the project but in case of traditional insurance program, it is not applicable (Olson, 2006).... Although OCIP provides numerous benefits, there are various risks associated with it both for owners as well as contractors which are stated below: Risk of Owners The risk can be identified through various factors including administrative burden which signifies that if OCIP is not managed accurately, it can provide huge administrative load on the contractors. Subsequently, the liability of the construction owners is also likely to increase. OCIPs are useful mainly in large projects, small construction owners are deprived from the facilities of this policy. The small contractors of United States have been witnessed at times to prefer acquiring higher limits of insurances than that provided by owners which can place a negative impact on the contractors (Gibson, 2006). There is always a market risk associated with every program. The market risk signifies that if the market of insurance hardens, there is a possibility of financial risk which can result in increase of premium cost. Bid Pr eparation aspect signifies that there are certain additional costs involved in it, such as retention of a risk consultant, a complete study of advantages and disadvantages of OCIP, submission of proposals and detail interviews (Taylor, 2011). Risk of Contractors The risk of the contractors can also be observed by certain significant factors. For example, limited insurance coverage is one of the vital aspects which focuses on the limitations in the insurance policies provided through OCIP to contractors. This acts as a barrier which the contractors have to face in this policy. Further, is the complicated bidding which highlights on the view that if bidding is done with the contractors of the United States, the insurance also gets included. The contractors would not be able to recover

Research Paper on Data Mining Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

On Data Mining - Research Paper Example This marks their preferences which are used for understanding how often they would shop, where they travel to for getting a brand and what kind of price they are ready to pay for obtaining the said product. Data mining has come of age because it has been linked up with understanding the people in particular and how they employ the basic dictum of buying and selling. This also helps the companies to comprehend how well their target base is shifting its basis and what kind of changes are happening within their fore. The manner in which this personal information is being made use of suggests that the unethical norms and routines are on the upsurge, and these need to be controlled for all the right reasons. Data mining is important to understand because its usage has been openly discussed, criticized and analyzed upon. It has touched upon the significant pointers which have paid emphasis on the way the user privacy levels have been transgressed upon of late, and how these have meant seri ous problems for them; no matter they are available in a physical form or a virtual one (Greenberg, 2006). The data mining procedures are usually given the cover by the people who conduct the same. They believe that it is an ethical process which is good for the company and hence they go about conducting the same business data mining activities. Also they believe staunchly that they must know more in order to give back towards their own business entireties. The personal information that has been saved by the companies in the wake of the data mining procedures is somewhat of a confusing debate. This is because the data mining activities shall be the cornerstone of their reaching towards new and unique customers of products and services. By this, they can find out how the new and unique customers would have their respective preferences and how this shall help the brand (and the company) to develop as a result of the same undertakings. For the users, they seem to be living in an unprot ected zone. This is because they are unaware who is secretly tracking their information and which individual or company is trying its best to reach out to this user in the future. There is a sense of susceptibility with regards to the users when they are unaware of who is going to contact them next and in what capacity this contact will be established. Perhaps, it is about time that the companies realized that there must be an ethical way to bring about contact with the people than merely reaching out to them as strangers. However, much needs to be understood and that too in a proper manner to achieve sound results (Gopalani, 2011). The personal information is important for everyone because it changes the course of one’s entirety. If this is compromised upon, it will mean that the people are being taken for granted by these companies, which is simply deemed as unacceptable on their part. The data mining techniques might look very glamorous to these companies but what they see m to forget is the fact that these companies have a major responsibility to take care of. The reason why people seem to be not protected from the data mining techniques which are in use is because they know already that their information and private data is being compromised upon, and hence the need to set things right. The privacy levels will resolve quite a lot of problems if there are concerted efforts made by the data mining

Literature Review; Data Collection Annotated Bibliography

Literature Review; Data Collection - Annotated Bibliography Example 2011). Growth hormone syndrome triggers a decrease in the levels of thyroid stimulation hormones responsible for stimulating metabolism causing hypothermia. High’s book offers honest advice on the nature of rehabilitating patients with brain injuries. The author develops a critical evaluation of the focal cortical dysfunction on patients with traumatic brain injuries. Taking a realistic approach to the brain healing process, the chapters in High’s book have discoveries on deficiencies brought about by the growth hormone to patients suffering from mild, severe and moderate traumatic brain injuries. In the progress, High looks into the effective measures and programs to rehabilitating traumatic brain injury in patients. The author offers a critical outlook on a number of consequences caused by both elevated and dropped levels of growth hormone to the healing process of patients with traumatic brain injuries. High offers sane advice for those struggling with rehabilitating traumatic brain injuries, but his main project seems to be offering the reader a reality check regarding rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury using gr owth hormone replacement. This text is indispensable because of its honest viewpoint and encouraging approach to patients rehabilitating brain injuries. The authors develop a theoretical analysis of the epidemiology and severity of traumatic brain injuries. The authors introduce the GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale) that is used to analyze effects of stimuli the post traumatic consciousness. The authors conduct neuropsychiatric, functional and structural imaging assessments, that unearth neuropsychiatric behaviors related to post-traumatic behaviors of brain injury. The book develops an analysis of mood, psychotic, personality and cognitive disorders arising from treatment of traumatic brain injury. Cifu and Buschbacher’s book develops a critical analysis into the neuropsychology, rehabilitation and

How are the banks affecting the US economy thanks to the TARP and Essay

How are the banks affecting the US economy thanks to the TARP and other bailouts from the US government - Essay Example This research report looks into the bank effects on the United States Economy, after the bailout plan, and how the banks have coped with the plan in their economic functions which according to Fusan, R., (2008, pg 1095), include netting and settlement of payments, through collection and paying agents for customers, clearing and settlements of payments which enables them to economize on reserves held for such settlements of payments, since inward and outward payments offset each other. They also play a vital economic role in credit intermediation, through borrowing and lending back-to-back on their own account as middlemen. Therefore, with the economy maimed to the point where the bank roles were threatened, the Government through its responsibility as the economic overseer intervened to allow them to borrow more on demand debt as well as short-term debt and to provide more long term loans. The borrowed money would mainly maintain cash reserves, invest in marketable securities that can be readily converted into cash if needed and raising replacement funding as required from various sources such as whole sale cash markets and securities market (Fusan, R., 2008, pg 1102) According to Alfred and Yalata, (2009, pg 300), the banks that agreed to receive preferred stock investments from the US Treasury included Goldman Sachs Group Inc, J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., Morgan Stanley, Bank of America Corp., Citigroup Inc., Bank of New York Mello

Literature Review; Data Collection Annotated Bibliography

Literature Review; Data Collection - Annotated Bibliography Example 2011). Growth hormone syndrome triggers a decrease in the levels of thyroid stimulation hormones responsible for stimulating metabolism causing hypothermia. High’s book offers honest advice on the nature of rehabilitating patients with brain injuries. The author develops a critical evaluation of the focal cortical dysfunction on patients with traumatic brain injuries. Taking a realistic approach to the brain healing process, the chapters in High’s book have discoveries on deficiencies brought about by the growth hormone to patients suffering from mild, severe and moderate traumatic brain injuries. In the progress, High looks into the effective measures and programs to rehabilitating traumatic brain injury in patients. The author offers a critical outlook on a number of consequences caused by both elevated and dropped levels of growth hormone to the healing process of patients with traumatic brain injuries. High offers sane advice for those struggling with rehabilitating traumatic brain injuries, but his main project seems to be offering the reader a reality check regarding rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury using gr owth hormone replacement. This text is indispensable because of its honest viewpoint and encouraging approach to patients rehabilitating brain injuries. The authors develop a theoretical analysis of the epidemiology and severity of traumatic brain injuries. The authors introduce the GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale) that is used to analyze effects of stimuli the post traumatic consciousness. The authors conduct neuropsychiatric, functional and structural imaging assessments, that unearth neuropsychiatric behaviors related to post-traumatic behaviors of brain injury. The book develops an analysis of mood, psychotic, personality and cognitive disorders arising from treatment of traumatic brain injury. Cifu and Buschbacher’s book develops a critical analysis into the neuropsychology, rehabilitation and

Social, Political, and Organizational Factors Essay

Social, Political, and Organizational Factors - Essay Example Though Hispanics constitute the major ethnic minority populace in the US, they have no access to health care provisions, and appropriate healthcare system In this regard, two important factors are to be considered (1). Hispanics are less expected to search for and obtain health-care services and system, which might donate to their inferior health status and high rates of mortality and morbidity (2). To evaluate dissimilarities in access to the most appropriate health-care facilities and precautionary services among non-Hispanics and Hispanics, with CDC examined 2001--2002 information from Behavioral Risk Feature Surveillance Scheme (BRFSS) surveys. 2. Briefly discuss the social and political influences behind this disparity. Does this population have one or more of the risk factors that Shi and Stevens (2010) identify? Offer evidence that supports your assertions. Social and political factors affect Hispanic’s admittance to preventive services as well as the major influences behind the disparity. Disparities in making use of various preventive services by ethnic or racial characteristics have been recognized; minority inhabitants, such as Hispanics, are less expected than non-Hispanics in getting preventive services. This report reveals that these disparities in access to screening practices and health-care among Hispanics and non-Hispanics still persist. Shi and Stevens (2010), identify that population as a whole have one or more risk factors. The health of a population is affected by its economic and social circumstances and the health care services it obtains. On an average, the socioeconomic position of Hispanics in the US is significantly lower than that of non-Hispanic whites. Hispanics also face various barriers in obtaining health care services of extremely high quality. Some of these obstacles occur due to their low socioecono mic position; others obstacle are due to various specific aspects of the Hispanic

Emotion Appeal Essay Example for Free

Emotion Appeal Essay The fallacy of ad hominem is an attack against the person of the one asserting a claim. The assumption made is that, as a consequence of the attack against the person, the claim made by such person is also false. 2. Ad hominem tu quoque This fallacy is possible to occur when a person made two inconsistent statements or a statement inconsistent with a prior action. It is assumed the claim later made is false because of the inconsistency without considering which or whether one of the two statements or actions made is really true. 3. Appeal to consequences of a belief Appeal to consequences of a belief makes the truth or falsity of a claim be based on the consequences that may occur if its truth or falsity is accepted. In this fallacy, if a claim will result to good consequences, it must be true and vice versa. 4. Appeal to authority Appeal to authority exists when a claim is asserted to be true based on the fact that it was made by an authority, who is in fact not an authority on that subject or is not qualified to make such claim. If the person to whom the claim is attributed is actually an authority or an expert, then there is no fallacy. 5. Appeal to emotion Appeal to emotion is the act of stirring one’s emotion to influence a person to accept that a claim is true. 6. Begging the question Begging the question is properly called as reasoning in circles. It involves a premise that contains an assumption that the conclusion is true, thus giving rise to a situation wherein the premise is used to support the truth of the conclusion while the conclusion is used to support the truth of the premise. 7. Confusing cause and effect This fallacy occurs when a person assumes one event to be the cause of another event just because these two events usually occur regularly together, when there may in fact be no justification or proof establishing such causal relation other than the fact that they often occur together. 8. Middle ground The fallacy assumes a position to be true just because it lies in the middle of the two extremes. 9. Red Herring This fallacy is used to direct the attention of the other person away of the main topic of the argument. The argument is diverted from the main issue to another issue which is not relevant, but s introduced under the guise of being relevant to the main issue. 10. Slippery slope This fallacy argues that one event will follow another event without giving a justification why. This usually occurs when the causation is too remote, such as when several other steps, which may not be inevitable, will have to follow before such claimed consequence may arise. 11. Straw man This fallacy occurs when a person attacks a distorted position of another person, as a consequence of which it is assumed that the real or original position is also falsified. 12. Who is to say? In this fallacy, a person asks the question â€Å"who is to say† or other similar questions, but already has a preconceived answer that no one is to say. As a consequence of this, it is accepted that the issue cannot be decided because no one is capable or qualified to decide on it.

History and Story Telling in Graham Swifts Waterland Essay -- Waterla

History and Story Telling in Graham Swift's Waterland Waterland uses history, theory, and fictional biography to address the question of history. The blurring of boundaries between history, story, and theory questions the construction of those boundaries as well as the closure and linear nature of traditional narrative. If Waterland has a beginning, it is far in the geologic past, at a time when the continents began their slow journey to the positions they now occupy; however, the novel itself does not begin at this beginning. Waterland moves forward and backward through geologic, historic, and biographic time. By denying the linearity and absolute authority of historical narrative, Swift leaves room for rupture and revision, for stories and nostalgia. The historical and biographical accounts provide a context for the philosophy and theory that the narrator interjects throughout the novel; the philosophy and theory facilitate the leaps in time between geologic, historic, and biographic past. Swift's mingling of (what appears to be) a "r eal" geologic history of the fens and the fictional accounts of the Crick and Atkinson families blurs the boundaries between reality and fiction, turning history into fiction and placing fiction within a "real" historical account. (footnote 1) Waterland, as a novel, makes the same proposal that Tom Crick makes to his class: to discover and reveal the purpose of history by telling a story. The study of semiotics shows that language is the primary mediator in the construction of reality. All systems of signification are dependent on language, and the development of subject position is determined through the act of speaking. (footnote 2) In a discussion of language functions, Fredric Jameson d... ... Tom Crick are purely fictional; however, the possibility remains that they may be fictionalized biographical incidents based on events that occurred to or are known by the author, Graham Swift. This further complicates the blurring of boundaries between fiction and "reality." footnote 2 See the work of Jacques Lacan and Emile Benveniste. footnote 3 I am not limiting Tom Crick's subject position to only three possibilities; I only offer these as three possibilities from a multiplicity. footnote 4 I am fascinated by the idea of Sarah Atkinson's stories and have been telling myself her possible stories. Were her mysterious "appearances" Sarah's stories come to life because she could not "tell" them? Did she find another way to articulate her stories? Did she hear the stories others told and (re)tell them, inserting herself into the narrative?

Senior Citizens Should Give Retirement to Family to End Recession :: Economics Economy

Retirees over the age of sixty two in the United States are estimated by an independent financial survey to be sitting on over one trillion dollars in total assets. That money mostly lies in financial institutions gathering interest while needy family members suffer impatiently waiting for the day when it will be their inheritance. But not all seniors are that callous, they give away their money to loved ones before they die. There is no better way for the elderly to show that they care. Those that do can enjoy the pleasure of watching their money being spent. It is a joy that they would never experience if they waited until their death. The country is in a recession that could be ended by an influx of spending money. The economic stimulus money that will be received by tax payers during the summer months will help but it is not enough. More money is needed. The economy would improve and the recession ended if the trillion dollars held by seniors was spent. It is up to them to end the recession in a loving way. Immediate handing over of their unneeded assets to loved ones would cause a spending spree the nation has never witnessed before. It would put the unemployed back to work and end home foreclosures. I am sure if our elderly realized their power to help they would quickly respond. I had a close friend who suffered with a nervous disorder all of his life. He lived with the help of a government welfare program which just gave him enough to survive. His parents were millionaires in the real estate business and owned at least twenty apartment houses. They let their son live rent free in one of them. But they gave him nothing more. I spoke with him many times over the years and listened to his complaints. He had little to eat and was lonely. The only hope he had was that one day his parents would die and leave him with their millions. They both were dead when he reached the age of seventy two but the money was left to his two sisters and their children. All he inherited was the right to continue living rent free. I never witnessed such cruelty. Many seniors are sitting on more money than they need while family members no longer living with them are destitute or have financial problems.

Responding to the Ethical Challenges faced by Nike Essay

1.The company (Nike) lacked the ability to monitor the working conditions of their suppliers’ factories. Due to the fact that competitor companies were buying in on their suppliers they didn’t have an advantage or edge to monitor the poor working conditions in these factories. They were disparaged upon by the UN and NGO’s for having their products manufactured in countries where working conditions were poor and there was no monitoring of proper treatment of employees and enforcement of Human Rights. The Korean suppliers, who represented Nike, were accused by labor activist and NGO’s of  being abusive to workers. This by itself was against â€Å"The Nike Code of Conduct.† 2.The Nike Corporation also faced issued with NGO’s and labor activists about paying workers low wages in Indonesia. Their Korean suppliers didn’t not pay workers the minimum wage and tried to cheat the Indonesian government by pleading economic hardship, so that they wouldn’t have to pay the workers a mere $ 1.00 US equivalent pay. When accused of what was occurring, a general manager didn’t think that it was the company’s function to monitor labor violations. However in a major turnaround and I am sure after that manager being reprimanded for that statement and disregard for the company’s ethics, they instructed the Indonesian suppliers to increase the workers pay. 3.They faced problems with Child Labor in Pakistan. In June of 1996, Life Magazine put Nike in the midst of misery, which caused an array of accusations about child labor. They published a photo of a 12 year old boy, stitching a soccer ball. Sialkot a city in Pakistan produces soccer balls for Nike and their competitors. However, due to the uproar by NGO’s, trade unions and consumer groups they prompted to impose sanctions against the purchasing of this product by the company. The company in turn, took a big hit and learned a lesson in globalization, human rights, international labor laws and their corporate responsibility. 4.Their operations in Vietnam posed some environmental, health and safety issues. One of their Korean contractors (again) operating in Vietnam was faced in a dilemma where and NGO help spur an audit by Ernst and Young which found high levels of Toulene, which is very hazardous chemical that causes damage to the CNS, liver, kidney and causes eye and skin irritations. The chemical was released in the plant which posed a threat to the health of workers. Employees were not given proper PPE. This was in direct violation of OSHA standards and also again, â€Å"The Nike Code of Conduct.† 5.Nike’s negative outlook to their stakeholders about their suppliers posed a serious threat to the organization. Even though their suppliers were the ones that were involved in these ethical issues, it still reflected on the company. Consumers are concerned only with a brand and not a supplier behind the brand. Also, Nike was responsible for their suppliers’ actions due to them not monitoring their working standards, payroll, human rights etc. Due to all the negative media, NGO and consumer attention, it caused Nike to loose some contracts with various universities supply them with uniforms, equipment and footwear etc. In response to my friend’s questions about the validity of the claims that are against Nike, I would first have to tell him that I value the integrity of my employer. But since this question asks me what I would say privately, and we are close friends, I would be somewhat try honest to him, and tell him how I felt, only because the information that was stated in these claims were made public due to avid media coverage and the audit conducted by Ernst and Young. Being that the claims are valid I would tell him about my feelings based only on the information available to the public. I would initially ask him to tell me how much he knows and then based on that make an analysis of the situation, and think about ethically what I am privy to say or talk about, being that I am still employed with the organization and the terms of which we uphold or code of conduct. I would address each argument specifically based on the allegations that we are faced with to the best of my knowledge and maintain a clear and concise goal of keeping in mind my reliability to my employer. Being that we are being blamed for infractions carried out by a supplier I would let my friend know that, we were not aware of the situation at hand at the moment but we are looking into it because we support Human Rights, Child Labor laws, Unionization and fair wage system. Our corporate code of conduct, â€Å"The Nike Code of Conduct† is available to anyone who wishes to know about it, so I would tell my friend that this is what our company stands by and since my employment with the company I have known that they are in effect and enforced. Being that we were not able to physically be present in Indonesia, Pakistan and the other countries of which this accused supplier has  committed these Human Rights violations on employees, and stress again that we were unaware of th e situation, how can we be blamed. I will also be sure to reinforce to him the fact that he should know that when the media gets a hint of information that could lead to the allegations of a multi-billion dollar organization how they could make an â€Å"ant look like an elephant.† Also, upon learning of such violations and treatment of these workers, my organization stepped in and not only reprimanded this supplier for trying to cheat the government of Indonesia out of paying minimum wage, but also to the workers. Based on our coalition with NGO’s and our commitment to corporate responsibility I would be sure to inform him that we have created teams such as an action team to monitor environmental, health and safety issues. We also developed teams to monitor the labor rules and working conditions of the workers of our suppliers in these third world countries. Hence, if we fell short on our monitoring tactics, our involvement with labor activists, NGO’s and the UN will make sure that we manage our mistakes that were made due to these allegations. Being that this is my close friend, I have to keep in mind that I am an employee first to this company and while I am employed there. If I say the wrong thing, or he perceives it in the wrong way I could stand to loose my job or possibly be deemed a whistleblower to the organization. Regardless of the fact, Nike was blamed indirectly for these violations but they still took the responsibility to try and correct their mistakes that the organization should have been aware of. I am sure that if my friend is a â€Å"good friend† they would or should understand that I cannot violate my principles. Other than that based on the support of the allegations made to the company I am sure he would be more educated now that I gave him my insight on the claims. The triple bottom strategy that I would suggest that Nike employ would be being more conscientious to environmental, health and safety issues, ethical issues with regards to their stakeholders and share holders (internal and external) and Human Rights. Although their corporate code of conduct addresses this, they need to reinforce their standards to avoid the type of situations that was discussed in this case study. In reference to IKEA approach to their ethical practice, had Nike been more  observant about the issues with the supplier after the first incident occurred the others could have probably been avoided. When IKEA learned of what was occurring with the supplier towards the working conditions, environmental issues and the Human Rights Violations regarding Child labor, they stepped in to rectify the situation immediately. Nike only did so after labor activists, NGO’s and trade unions etc got involved. From my analysis of things, they should have been more proactive rather than reactive. Starbucks approach to things was somewhat similar to IKEA, but Starbucks stressed their commitment to social responsibility by way of thinking about their stakeholders. Nike on the other hand, seemed to be more dedicated to their shareholders the production of merchandise. They did accomplish being a multi-billion dollar company in a short space of time, but at what expense? It came with huge repercussions of Human Rights violations in the form of child labor and underpaid workers. They didn’t address these issues in the right manner, something that Starbucks did and overcame the allegations against them. Nike needs to delegate these issues in their organization accordingly to enforce labor laws and environmental laws to their suppliers. In this case study, the supplier was based in Korea, but had operations in Indonesia, Pakistan and other third world countries. They went into these countries, tried to manipulate the government by way of cheating them into allowing workers to get below minimum wage. Also, standards in the workplace were not enforced in the proper manner. The organization needs to supply workers with the proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), which is mandated by Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA). The company also needs to maintain a proper relationship with the different NGO’s, labor commissions, trade unions and consumer activists in these countries. This can aid them in the monitoring processes of these suppliers to ensure that issues are being handled in the right way. It can also help save costs that the company pays to monitors, for example contractors. Nike can implement the money they save into a program that handles the ethical issues of workers, because I am sure they don’t have a human resources  department and an ethics commission to contact with their matters of concern. I am sure that this could increase their productivity employee. Hopefully the company learns from their past mistakes that they should not only be concerned with their shareholders but about the stakeholders as well. I believe that external and internal customers make up a business or organization and each has a vital role to play in it success or downfall. In this case, lack of attention to the working conditions and wages of the workers (shareholders could probably led to the ultimate downfall of the company. Nike has many competitors that can slowly overtake them in the consumer market. Human rights play a major role in consumer decisions in the 21st century. Evidence of this was found in the study whereby when the consumer activists learned about what was going on they boycotted purchasing the soccer balls due to child labor. References Locke M. Richard et al. (2002). The Promise and Perils of Globalization: The Case of Nike. Retrieved from http://www.caseplace.org/cases/cases_show.htm?doc_id=274259 Bartlett A. Christopher et al. (2006). IKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor (A). Retrieved from MGT 213 Ethics and the Market Place – Northeastern University (Course Material) Argenti A. Paul. (2004). Collaborating with Activists: HOW STARBUCKS WORKS WITH NGOs. Retrieved from MGT 213 Ethics and the Market Place – Northeastern University (Course Material)